Heeks suggested three potentially-transformative, ICT-enabled development models.
1) Direct Development: delivers resources and services without the intervention of traditional development actors; where those resources and services can be digitized.
2) Networked Development: occurs neither solely through the state and similar agencies nor through the market, but through a mesh of actors and institutions that are connected and can act together through ICTs.
3) Grassroots Development: occurs from within poor communities, as a result of ICT-enabled empowerment.
These models could only be judged transformative if they are having real and significant new development impacts. Evidence is only just emerging, but five types of impact are starting to be seen:
1) Connecting the excluded: providing information and other livelihood assets including social capital that were previously unavailable.
2) Disintermediation: cutting out the gatekeepers who prevent access to resources and services, or who charge rents for such access.
3) Digital production: enabling those in low-income communities to become producers of digital content, and to develop ICT-based productive livelihoods.
4) Digital innovation: enabling those in low-income communities to appropriate technology to such an extent that they start to do new things with it.
5) Collective power: enabling communities to bring the power of the group to bear in the service of economic or socio-political agendas.
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